At the beginning of a few corrections ...
Perhaps many of you have heard something about "God particle", ie the Higgs particle, also called the Higgs boson. This problem, ie, whether a particle exists or not, superstring theory just does not deal with. Higgs boson, according to the standard model theory, to be responsible for the mass of other particles. It is true that it has not yet been found and is unlikely to occur quickly (maybe not at all!), And who knows whether it is for this reason, the standard model will not be significantly modified. Incidentally, it has a (standard model) out of the huge experimental problems, because they are large differences between the standard model theory, and experiences. Maybe I will write more about that in another cycle, once on the occasion of other scientific problems. Proceed to superstring theory and its problems. In superstring theory, elementary particles are modeled as multi-dimensional vibrating loops, just do not know from what these loops would be "done"? Someone once said that "superstring theory is a physics chip twenty-first century, who accidentally fell into the physics of the twentieth century." But it is not so sweet - This theory is also confronted with enormous problems, not only because of space mathematical, but also some fundamental reasons. It is presumed that this theory may be, however, dead end physics. Not everything mathematically elegant, it must be physically correct. But it is not inconceivable that in 50 years the kids in kindergarten will learn about superstring theory in outline, and will sing songs about it. Even "small" but "about Superliczbach:
Superliczby are Grassmann numbers when changing the sequence, this change involves a change in character. So: axb =
- bx a.
commutativity of multiplication rule does not apply. These are not real numbers, our habits so that AXB = BXA does not work for superliczb. Strange huh? :) Maybe more of a brilliant German mathematician next time?
Today we look closely at the form of another eminent mathematician, math class, which has contributed most to the emergence of superstring theory:
- that is, talking about Indians Srinivasie Ramanuja.
Srinivasa Ramanujan was born in 1887 in Erode, a town in south India - near Madras. He came from a poor family, the caste Brahmins. Ramanujan's father worked as a clerk in a clothing store. Teachers Ramanujan predicted when it was still a child, he has outstanding ability. As soon as he learned the basics of trigonometry, discovered a number of laws governing sinusami and cosinusami. He was very surprised when I found out later that these laws are discovered by a brilliant Swiss mathematician, Leonhard Euler, over a hundred years earlier. Already about 10 years of age in the village became famous because of unusual accounting skills, including self-determined identity of Euler. As you probably almost every man, Ramanujan had a friend who tried to help him. A friend that borrowed from the library a book about mathematics, especially for Ramanujan. This book was entitled "Synopsis of Elementary Results in Pure Mathematics." Its author was George S. Carr of the University of Cambridge. Ramanujan was then 16 years old.
This was the first contact with western mathematics through reading a book by George S. Carr, with whom he began to prove the theorem. Carr's work was simply a listing of about 5,000 claims in the field of algebra, trigonometry, calculus and analytic geometry. But for a young lover of numbers, this book has become a cause of some kind of revelation. Suddenly, it turned that Ramanujan knows and loves numbers. This book was brought to awaken in him a genius. According to popular opinion, nobody has been able to surpass Ramanujan in mathematics. For instance, when a teacher in a government college in Kumbakonam save two tables in order to solve a problem or an algebraic trigonometric, but he did it in 10 or 11 steps (which are difficult to understand for most students), Ramanujan asked for permission to shorten the solution and solves the problem 2 or 3 steps - while explaining every single step the teacher. He frequently lectures to other mathematics. In high school, he advised the poor, bored him homework and still carried out their own calculations. He ran away from home, and then came back again, but unfortunately fell ill and again did not get to school. As a result, was deprived of the scholarship and kicked out of college. After several unsuccessful attempts to resume study returned home. Later still tried to pass the final exam, but without success.
At the age of 25 years with the help of friends got a job as a lower official in the Madras Port Trust, with low pay, amounting to 20 pounds per year, of which kept her young wife and mother who lives with them. However, the real activity has always been a mathematician Ramanujan. The study had the time to further develop their interest in mathematics. He liked to also receive something on paper, lying on his stomach on the bed on the veranda, which he shared with several roommates his home. He began to write, when decreasing the daily heat. His wife - and mother Janaki give out his lunch, while he wrote his paper, page by page. Sometimes he wrote to 6 am, then slept for a short time to stand up to his clerical work. Perhaps this should remain unchanged for most of his life he was a mathematician at night and the clerk during the day, if not for the board director, who recognized his mathematical genius. Persuaded Ramanujan to send some of his work to British mathematicians and tried for their support. Thirsty contact with other mathematicians sent a list of the 120 claims to the three known British mathematicians, two of whom ignored the correspondence. Ramanujan One letter, dated on 16 January 1913, and addressed to the mathematician GH Hardy at Cambridge, was briefly read and ignored. Hardy, though initially rejected the results of Ramanujan, after discussing them with other mathematicians, however, changed his mind. From the beginning letter of Ramanujan considered as plagiarism, but on Jan. 16, 1913, after a meeting with John Littlewood, he looked again, and next to the well-known allegations was also hitherto unknown. "Never have I seen anything like it" - he wrote later, Hardy - "They have to be true, because ... simply no one would have enough imagination to invent them. " Shortly thereafter, he accepted an invitation Ramanujan and Hardy came to England in 1914. The Cambridge was very warmly received, and almost immediately began create a dazzling work. However, a few months later, England joined the First World War. Although cut off her hair and turned his turban for a hat (which he hated) and shunned when he could wear shoes and socks. Damp, cold climate was his agony and in May 1917, Hardy informed the University of Madras, Ramanujan that is likely to suffer from an incurable disease. Some have speculated later that he could become ill with tuberculosis, but the symptoms were not typical. Perhaps the disease has caused major shortage of vitamins. There is no In any event, a common view on the cause of the disease. For three years, Ramanujan worked with Hardy at Trinity College. He often visited sanatoriums. He returned to India after World War I in 1919 in very bad physical condition, where he died a year later, aged just 32 years. Ramanujan was still time for a year before his death, made the claim for the claim, although he was very weak unknown disease. Shortly before his death he was unconscious for almost 4 days.
Some of the most famous works Ramanujan concern something that is seemingly childish play, and what mathematicians call a problem division. This issue is to demonstrate how many ways an integer can be expressed as the sum of other integers. For example, the number 4 can be represented in 5 different ways:
3 +1, 2 +2, 2 +1 +1, 1 +1 +1 +1, and even the fourth
When the number becomes larger, this kind of representation is no longer child's play. Eg the number of divisions the number 200 is 4 trillion! One of the greatest achievements of Ramanujan and Hardy was a way to calculate the amount of any number of divisions. This is a long, intricate pattern, which requires constant iteration and using addition, two shorter patterns. Pull up to repeat these calculations also depend on the square root of the number being divided! The results of Ramanujan concerning the issue of the division has proven very useful for theoretical physicists working on superstrunami. According to this theory, there are objects of the universe through the vibrations of infinitesimal strings coiled in tight loops, the length of the string was only 10 -33 cm. The movement causes the strings of molecules according to the rule, the more intense the movement, the heavier molecule. Particles are divided into a lighter, which can be seen, and heavier exist only in theory. Movement of the strings is to take place, according to the theory, in nine spatial dimensions and one time, but our limited human senses, having sufficiently strong molecular accelerators, we can not see six of them. Moreover, although the movements of the strings are held in the world dziesięciowymiarowym, inside each of them there are still 16 more dimensions. However, mathematics can be explored through this fantasy world, the most useful works are Ramanujan. According to Jeffrey Hervey, one of the physicists the so-called. string quartet, whose members are the authors of superstring theory, the theory of divisions is their primary tool. Ramanujan Mathematics is, however, also have other uses. "In physics there are so many combinatorial problems, various types of calculations as there are objects of a kind" - says Carlo Moreno of the University of New York. When physicists tried to fathom the mysteries of atomic structure, the key to the learning theory has become a division. With mathematics, you could be interested in how many ways the electrons can be arranged around the nucleus.
Ramanujan would not be surprised by his interest in mathematics equations. After all, he claimed that his mathematics will be useful only for 100 years - says that in any event, his wife, Janaki, who recently gave an interview. However, undoubtedly - lying on his bunk, and barely noticing given to him by the wife of a handful of rice - could not have foreseen that it creates some of the basics of learning the nineties of the twentieth century. His work formed the basis of superstring theory, the theoretical objects, which - according to some physicists - create a multi-dimensional skeleton of all matter. They helped and developing computer programs. Ramanujan shared his knowledge without compliance with any adopted policies. Living in poverty and niedokształcony, did not pay too much attention to making explanations. Skip huge sections of its reasoning, so that tracking his work constantly ask themselves the question: "Where does it come from?"
UNDER THE ACCESS TO PART. III - SUBMIT ANOTHER WITNESS, WHAT ARE PROPERTY SUPERLICZBY! Well, their product is zero!
CDN
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